Ray Peat: The dark side of stress (learned helplessness)

Enrichment, individuality, and brain growth

1. Effects of environmental complexity and training on brain chemistryJ Comp Physiol Psychol · 1960 · PMID 13754181
2. Parental enrichment and offspring development: modifications to brain, behavior and the epigenomeBehav Brain Res · 2012 · PMID 22173001
3. Emergence of individuality in genetically identical miceScience · 2013 · PMID 23661762
4. Effects of environment on morphology of rat cerebral cortex and hippocampusJ Neurobiol · 1976 · PMID 1249575 · cited in Sugar issues
5. Genotype-environment interaction in personality development: identical twins reared apartPsychol Aging · 1988 · PMID 3268285

Learned helplessness, sudden death, and thyroid

1. Cholinergic influences on escape deficits produced by uncontrollable stressPsychopharmacology (Berl) · 1981 · PMID 6791211
2. Triiodothyronine potentiation of antidepressant-induced reversal of learned helplessness in ratsPsychiatry Res · 1987 · PMID 3628611
3. Bright light blocks the capacity of inescapable swim stress to supersensitize a central muscarinic mechanismPharmacol Biochem Behav · 1990 · PMID 2217505
4. Thyroparathyroidectomy produces a progressive escape deficit in ratsPhysiol Behav · 1990 · PMID 2236264
5. Triiodothyroacetic acid-induced reversal of learned helplessness in ratsEur J Pharmacol · 1987 · PMID 3569419
6. Triiodothyroacetic acid (TRIAC) potentiation of antidepressant-induced reversal of learned helplessness in ratsEur J Pharmacol · 1988 · PMID 3220108
7. Sudden death in the laboratory ratPsychosom Med · 1976 · PMID 943795
8. Triiodothyronine-induced reversal of learned helplessness in ratsBiol Psychiatry · 1985 · PMID 2992618 · cited in Serotonin, depression, and aggression: The problem of brain energy
9. Evidence for a serotonergic mechanism of the learned helplessness phenomenonPharmacol Biochem Behav · 1982 · PMID 6891069

Cholinesterase, tacrine, and the cholinergic hypothesis

1. Coexistence of acetylcholinesterase and somatostatin-immunoreactivity in neurons cultured from rat cerebrumScience · 1984 · PMID 6140757
2. Alterations of acetylcholinesterase activity after traumatic brain injury in ratsBrain Inj · 2007 · PMID 17891565
3. Influence of menstrual cycle on serum cholinesteraseEnviron Res · 1989 · PMID 2753004
4. Metabolic and neurophysiologic sequelae of brain injury: a cholinergic hypothesisCent Nerv Syst Trauma · 1986 · PMID 3533278
5. Tacrine, a reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, induces myopathyNeuroreport · 2000 · PMID 10817586
6. Nitric oxide is involved in acetylcholinesterase inhibitor-induced myopathy in ratsJ Pharmacol Exp Ther · 2000 · PMID 10991996
7. Nitric oxide synthase inhibitors unmask acetylcholine-mediated constriction of cerebral vessels in the in vitro isolated guinea-pig brainNeuroscience · 2000 · PMID 11074151
8. Cholinergic and opioid mediation of traumatic brain injuryJ Neurotrauma · 1992 · PMID 1351951
9. Regulation of acetylcholinesterase activity by nitric oxide in rat neuromuscular junction via N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor activationEur J Neurosci · 2013 · PMID 23121214
10. Effect of tetrahydroaminoacridine, a cholinesterase inhibitor, on cognitive performance following experimental brain injuryJ Neurotrauma · 1997 · PMID 9475371
11. The use of cholinergic blocking agents in the treatment of cranio-cerebral injuriesJ Neurosurg · 1954 · PMID 13131097
12. Amyloid beta-peptide induces nitric oxide production in rat hippocampus: association with cholinergic dysfunction and amelioration by inducible nitric oxide synthase inhibitorsFASEB J · 2001 · PMID 11387239
13. Choline is a full agonist in inducing activation of neuronal nitric oxide synthase via the muscarinic M1 receptorPharmacology · 2000 · PMID 10657757
14. Alzheimer's disease is associated with a selective increase in alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor immunoreactivity in astrocytesGlia · 2003 · PMID 12509811
15. Neurochemical and behavioral consequences of mild, uncontrollable shock: effects of PCPAPharmacol Biochem Behav · 1986 · PMID 2945212
16. Brain cholinesterases: II. The molecular and cellular basis of Alzheimer's diseaseMed Hypotheses · 2004 · PMID 15236795
17. Chronic effects of low level exposure to anticholinesterases--a mechanistic reviewToxicol Lett · 1998 · PMID 10022307
18. Effect of stress and glucocorticoids on the gastrointestinal cholinergic enzymesArch Int Pharmacodyn Ther · 1986 · PMID 3718075
19. Sympathectomy alters acetylcholinesterase expression in adult rat heartCardiovasc Res · 1990 · PMID 2112043
20. Cholinesterase activities and biochemical determinations in patients with prostate cancer: influence of Gleason score, treatment and bone metastasisBiomed Pharmacother · 2012 · PMID 22560633
21. The role of the neurotransmitters acetylcholine and noradrenaline in the pathogenesis of stress ulcersComp Biochem Physiol C Comp Pharmacol Toxicol · 1993 · PMID 7903607
22. Adrenergic modulation of gastric stress pathology in rats: a cholinergic linkJ Auton Nerv Syst · 1987 · PMID 3693804
23. Cholinergic function and memory: extensive inhibition of choline acetyltransferase fails to impair radial maze performance in ratsPharmacol Biochem Behav · 1986 · PMID 3774818

Nitric oxide, mitochondria, and brain injury

1. Endothelial- and nitric oxide-dependent effects on oxidative metabolism of intact arteryBiochim Biophys Acta · 2001 · PMID 11779553
2. Engagement of inducible nitric oxide synthase at the rostral ventrolateral medulla during mevinphos intoxication in the ratJ Biomed Sci · 2001 · PMID 11702011
3. Nitric oxide in neurodegeneration: potential benefits of non-steroidal anti-inflammatoriesNeurosci Bull · 2011 · PMID 22108814
4. Hypothyroid phenotype is contributed by mitochondrial complex I inactivation due to translocated neuronal nitric-oxide synthaseJ Biol Chem · 2006 · PMID 16361261
5. Neuroprotection by selective inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase after experimental brain contusionJ Neurotrauma · 2006 · PMID 16958586
6. Progesterone suppresses the inflammatory response and nitric oxide synthase-2 expression following cerebral ischemiaExp Neurol · 2005 · PMID 15869954
7. Nicotinamide treatment induces behavioral recovery when administered up to 4 hours following cortical contusion injury in the ratNeuroscience · 2008 · PMID 18514428
8. Suppression of the inducible form of nitric oxide synthase prior to traumatic brain injury improves cytochrome c oxidase activity and normalizes cellular energy levelsNeuroscience · 2008 · PMID 18037245
9. A role of nitric oxide in organophosphate-induced convulsionsEnviron Toxicol Pharmacol · 1997 · PMID 21781758
10. Progesterone treatment inhibits the inflammatory agents that accompany traumatic brain injuryBrain Res · 2005 · PMID 15932748
11. Arsenic toxicity induced endothelial dysfunction and dementia: pharmacological interdiction by histone deacetylase and inducible nitric oxide synthase inhibitorsToxicol Appl Pharmacol · 2013 · PMID 23921152
12. Nitric oxide signaling in brain function, dysfunction, and dementiaNeuroscientist · 2010 · PMID 20817920
13. Postinjury administration of L-deprenyl improves cognitive function and enhances neuroplasticity after traumatic brain injuryExp Neurol · 2000 · PMID 11031090
14. [Progesterone exerts neuroprotective effect on hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy-induced brain damage via inhibition expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and nitric oxide production]Zhongguo Ying Yong Sheng Li Xue Za Zhi · 2012 · PMID 22860428
15. Roles of cytokines and progesterone in the regulation of the nitric oxide generating system in bovine luteal endothelial cellsMol Reprod Dev · 2012 · PMID 22847916
16. Endothelin receptor antagonists: potential in Alzheimer's diseasePharmacol Res · 2011 · PMID 21193044
17. Progesterone and vitamin D: Improvement after traumatic brain injury in middle-aged ratsHorm Behav · 2013 · PMID 23896206

Progesterone, DHEA, niacinamide, and recovery

1. Neuroprotective effects of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) in rat model of Alzheimer's diseaseActa Biochim Pol · 2011 · PMID 22146133
2. Effect of phosphamidon on convulsive behavior and biochemical parameters: modulation by progesterone and 4'-chlorodiazepam in ratsNaunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol · 2010 · PMID 20737266
3. Progesterone prevents mitochondrial dysfunction in the spinal cord of wobbler miceJ Neurochem · 2012 · PMID 22486171

Light, hypoxia, and other modulators

1. Delayed onset of Alzheimer's disease with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory and histamine H2 blocking drugsNeurobiol Aging · 1995 · PMID 8544901

Other papers listed in REFERENCES

1. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease treated with amantidine. A report of two casesJ Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry · 1973 · PMID 4581346
2. NO synthesis, unlike respiration, influences intracellular oxygen tensionBiochem Biophys Res Commun · 2002 · PMID 11779139
3. Long-term study of brain lesions following soman, in comparison to DFP and metrazol poisoningHum Exp Toxicol · 1992 · PMID 1361142
4. Participation of the parasympathetic nervous system in the development of activity-stress ulcersJpn J Surg · 1991 · PMID 2041240
5. DNA methylation and cancer therapy: new developments and expectationsCurr Opin Oncol · 2005 · PMID 15608514
6. Dietary restriction modulates the norepinephrine content and uptake of the heart and cardiac synaptosomesProc Soc Exp Biol Med · 1994 · PMID 7938035

More references from this article

1. Nicotinamide restores cognition in Alzheimer's disease transgenic mice via a mechanism involving sirtuin inhibition and selective reduction of Thr231-phosphotauJ Neurosci · 2008 · PMID 18987186
2. Peripheral triiodothyronine (T(3)) levels during escapable and inescapable footshockPhysiol Behav · 2006 · PMID 16256154
3. Prevention of neurodegenerative damage to the brain in rats in experimental Alzheimer's disease by adaptation to hypoxiaNeurosci Behav Physiol · 2010 · PMID 20635216
4. Nitric oxide mediates selective degeneration of hypothalamic orexin neurons through dysfunction of protein disulfide isomeraseJ Neurosci · 2013 · PMID 23904594
5. Cholinergic dysfunction after traumatic brain injury: preliminary findings from a PET studyNeurology · 2011 · PMID 21422456
6. Atropine in the treatment of closed head injuryJ Neurosurg · 1950 · PMID 14774757
7. Pharmacological inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase, convalesce behavior and biochemistry of hypertension induced vascular dementia in ratsPharmacol Biochem Behav · 2013 · PMID 23201648
8. Dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids improve cholinergic transmission in the aged brainGenes Nutr · 2009 · PMID 19727886
9. Linking pesticide exposure and dementia: what is the evidence?Toxicology · 2013 · PMID 23416173
10. Chronic social isolation induces NF-κB activation and upregulation of iNOS protein expression in rat prefrontal cortexNeurochem Int · 2013 · PMID 23770205
11. Topical application of insulin like growth factor-1 reduces edema and upregulation of neuronal nitric oxide synthase following trauma to the rat spinal cordActa Neurochir Suppl · 1997 · PMID 9416300
12. Nitric oxide: target for therapeutic strategies in Alzheimer's diseaseCurr Pharm Des · 2010 · PMID 20698819
13. Nitric oxide synthase 3-mediated neurodegeneration after intracerebral gene deliveryJ Neuropathol Exp Neurol · 2007 · PMID 17413318
14. Low energy laser light (632.8 nm) suppresses amyloid-β peptide-induced oxidative and inflammatory responses in astrocytesNeuroscience · 2010 · PMID 20884337 · cited in Cancer: Disorder and Energy
15. Increase of muscarinic receptor following kainic acid lesions of the nucleus basalis magnocellularis in rat brain: an autoradiographic studyRes Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol · 1990 · PMID 2385763
16. Biosynthesis of cholinesterase in rabbit bone marrow cells in cultureBiochem Pharmacol · 1974 · PMID 4369814
17. Human erythrocyte membrane bound enzyme acetylcholinesteraseBiochim Biophys Acta · 1972 · PMID 4622094
18. Properties of growth-related acetylcholinesterase in a cell line of fibroblastic originJ Cell Biol · 1976 · PMID 1270513
19. Impaired escape performance and enhanced conditioned fear in rats following exposure to an uncontrollable stressor are mediated by glutamate and nitric oxide in the dorsal raphe nucleusBehav Brain Res · 2000 · PMID 10862933
20. [Amine receptors in brain vessels]Fiziol Zh SSSR Im I M Sechenova · 1975 · PMID 1204859
21. Exposure to enriched environment improves spatial learning performances and enhances cell density but not choline acetyltransferase activity in the hippocampus of ventral subicular-lesioned ratsBehav Neurosci · 2007 · PMID 17592940
22. Induction of inducible nitric oxide synthase and heme oxygenase-1 in rat glial cellsLife Sci · 1998 · PMID 9585163
23. Muscarinic cholinergic receptors in pancreatic acinar carcinoma of ratInt J Cancer · 1985 · PMID 2580801
24. Muscarinic receptor coupling to intracellular calcium release in rat pancreatic acinar carcinomaCancer Res · 1986 · PMID 3756918
25. Neurotransmission and cancer: implications for prevention and therapyAnticancer Drugs · 2008 · PMID 18594207
26. Sexual diergism of hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal cortical responses to low-dose physotigmine in elderly vs. young women and menNeuropsychopharmacology · 2002 · PMID 11927192
27. Progesterone and neuroprotectionHorm Behav · 2013 · PMID 22732134
28. Progesterone inhibits inducible nitric oxide synthase gene expression and nitric oxide production in murine macrophagesJ Leukoc Biol · 1996 · PMID 8604025 · cited in Progesterone, not estrogen, is the coronary protection factor of women
29. Female steroid hormones regulate production of pro-inflammatory molecules in uterine leukocytesJ Reprod Immunol · 1997 · PMID 9421794