Live animation of the mitochondrial electron transport chain: electrons flow from NADH and FADH2 through complexes I to IV, protons are pumped across the inner membrane, and ATP synthase turns ADP into ATP. INTERMEMBRANE SPACE MATRIX 4H⁺ 4H⁺ 2H⁺ I II CoQ III Cyt c IV 2e⁻ 2e⁻ nH⁺ a H⁺H⁺H⁺H⁺ γββαα b ADPPᵢADPPᵢADPPᵢ F₀F₁ATP SYNTHASE NADH → NAD⁺ FADH₂ → FAD ½O₂ + 2H⁺ + 2e⁻ → H₂O H₂O H₂O
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